肝胆胰外科围手术期营养支持的规范应用

围手术期营养支持理念近年来逐渐被外科医师重视,临床营养治疗也趋于系统化和规范化。研究表明,合理规范的营养支持可以降低患者营养不良发生风险,从而降低围手术期并发症发生率,提高生活质量,改善临床结局。肝胆胰外科患者具有疾病复杂、手术风险高、难度大、发病率及死亡率高等特点,因此,其围手术期的营养评估和营养支持显得尤为重要。本文将肝胆胰外科围手术期营养支持的规范应用作一综述,以期为营养理念在该领域的推广以及临床实践的规范化提供参考。     

Influence of an Audiovisual Resource on the Preoperative Anxiety of Adult Endodontic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

IntroductionThe expectation of undergoing endodontic treatment can cause anxiety in patients. Anxiety is described as a transient emotional state closely related to pain, fear, and imbalance of the organism. The clinician commonly must use some type of tool to alleviate the patient’s preoperative anxiety before treatment can be applied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of an audiovisual resource on the preoperative anxiety of adult patients undergoing endodontic treatment.MethodsOne hundred sixty endodontic patients were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n = 80) and then assessed at 2 preoperative time points separated by a 10-minute interval. After the first assessment, the patients in the experimental group watched a video of their own choice obtained from the Internet to provide them with a relaxing experience. In both groups and at both time points, the assessments consisted of collecting the patients’ vital signs (diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate) and data regarding their subjective perception of anxiety using a visual analog scale.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the groups regarding the vital sign variation observed between the 2 assessment time points. However, the variation in the scores obtained on the visual analog scale was significantly greater in the experimental group (P < .05), indicating a greater reduction in the level of preoperative anxiety in this group.ConclusionsThe preoperative use of an audiovisual resource was associated with a decrease in the perception of anxiety by patients undergoing endodontic treatment.     

早期皮肤接触对剖宫产产妇心理状态及母乳喂养的影响:前瞻性随机对照试验

目的探讨母婴早期皮肤接触(skin-to-skin contact,SSC)对剖宫产产妇心理状态及母乳喂养的影响。方法前瞻性选取2017年8月1日至12月31日在深圳市南山区妇幼保健院行择期足月剖宫产的产妇221例,随机分为早接触组和对照组。对照组产后常规护理;早接触组实施母婴早期SSC,即新生儿娩出后1 h内赤裸全身俯卧于母亲裸露的乳房之间,持续1~2 h。观察指标包括:(1)泌乳启动时间以及首次母乳喂养测量工具评分;(2)产后72 h和42 d的纯母乳喂养率、母乳喂养自我效能量表评分和爱丁堡产后抑郁量表评分。采用两独立样本t检验、χ2检验和二分类logistic回归进行统计学分析。结果最终210例产妇纳入分析,早接触组和对照组各105例。42 d随访时早接触组失访20例,对照组失访17例。与对照组比较,早接触组首次母乳喂养成功率[77.1%(81/105)与59.1%(62/105),χ2=7.913]、首次母乳喂养测量工具评分[(9.5±1.7)与(8.6±1.4)分,t=4.115]、泌乳启动时间≤24 h的比例[41.0%(43/105)与12.4%(13/105),χ2=23.205]、产后72 h和42 d的纯母乳喂养率[36.2%(38/105)与22.9%(24/105);76.5%(65/85)与60.2%(63/88);χ2值分别为4.486和5.261]以及产后72 h和42 d母乳喂养自我效能量表评分[(117.5±12.0)与(111.8±22.3)分;(124.3±11.6)与(113.1±19.0)分;t值分别为2.100和4.710]均提高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。但早接触组产后72 h和42 d的爱丁堡产后抑郁量表评分与对照组差异无统计学意义[(5.4±3.5)与(5.9±4.0)分,t=0.937,P=0.350;(7.0±3.7)与(8.1±4.0)分,t=0.905,P=0.058]。二分类logistic回归分析显示,早期SSC是产后42 d纯母乳喂养成功的保护因素(OR=2.359,95%CI:1.173~4.743,P=0.016)。结论早期SSC可以提高剖宫产产妇母乳喂养自信心,促进泌乳启动,提高首次母乳喂养的成功率和产褥期纯母乳喂养率,是一种值得推广的临床实践。     

Increased risk of hip fracture mortality associated with intraoperative hypotension in elderly hip fracture patients is related to under resuscitation

BackgroundAs the US and world population ages, hip fractures are increasingly more common. The mortality associated with these fractures remains high both in the immediate postoperative period and at one year. Perioperative resuscitation in this population is of key interest to prevent organ injury and mortality. Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of fluid resuscitation and hemodynamic status in the form of mean arterial pressure (MAP) on inpatient mortality of hip fracture patients.MethodsAn institutional database was queried to compare elderly hip fracture patients that sustained in-hospital mortality to a matched control cohort. Pre-, intra-, and post-operative intravenous fluid (IVF) administration and MAP were extracted from the electronic medical record. Time from hospital presentation to the OR was also recorded.Results1,114 total hip fractures were identified during the two-year study period, 16 of which suffered inpatient mortalities. The mortality cohort was then matched with a control of 394 hip fracture patients for the same period based on age, sex, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Conditional logistical regression analysis found odds ratios (OR) indicating that longer time between presentation and surgery (OR per additional hour: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01–1.08) and lower intraoperative minimum MAP (OR per 5 mmHg decrease: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.61–0.97) were associated with significantly increased odds of mortality. There was also a marginal relationship between greater intraoperative IVF administration and reduced odds of mortality (OR per 500 cc additional fluid: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.37–1.00).ConclusionExtended time from presentation to surgery and intraoperative hypotension were associated with increased likelihood of inpatient mortality in an elderly hip fracture cohort, with a possible additional effect of under-resuscitation. Further investigation into a safe intraoperative minimum MAP should be pursued.Level of evidenceLevel III.     

Effects of Medications and Subthalamic Nucleus-Deep Brain Stimulation on the Cutaneous Silent Period in Patients With Parkinson's Disease

ObjectivesWe sought to evaluate whether the cutaneous silent period (CSP) could be an electrophysiological indicator reflective of the effects of therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), including anti-PD medications or deep brain stimulation (DBS).Material and MethodsWe recorded the CSP in 43 patients with PD prior to and following the administration of medication during a pre-DBS evaluation (30 cases) and the “on” and “off” states of subthalamic nucleus DBS (13 cases). The CSP was elicited from the abductor pollicis brevis muscle by an electrical stimulation of the index finger that was 2, 4, and 15 times stronger than the sensory threshold (ST). We measured changes in latencies, including the onset, duration, and end of CSP, and waveform scores from 0 to 3. The correlation between the CSP score and unified PD rating score part III (UPDRS-III) also was assessed.ResultsThe onset latency and duration of CSP were significantly different between high- (15ST) and low-strength stimulations (2ST and 4ST). However, there were no significant latency changes (onset, duration, end of CSP) before and after receiving medication, or during the on and off state of the DBS. Anti-PD medications substantially increased the CSP waveform score only in the 4ST state. However, the waveform score significantly increased in all stimuli states during the DBS-on state. Both medication and the DBS-on state decreased the UPDRS-III. Nevertheless, there was no statistically significant correlation between the UPDRS-III and CSP waveform scores.ConclusionDifferent onset latencies and the duration of CSP between low- and high-strength stimuli support the hypotheses proposing two different reflex pathways. Despite being independent from the UPDRS-III, the CSP may be an electrophysiological indicator reflective of the changes in inhibitory activity to the spinal α-motoneuron in response to anti-PD medications and DBS.     

颞叶癫痫发作间期PET-CT与VEEG检查对致癫灶的诊断价值比较

目的 比较分析颞叶癫痫发作间期正电子发射计算机断层显像（PET-CT）和视频脑电图（VEEG）检查对致癫灶的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析2016年3月至2018年3月手术治疗的80例单侧颞叶癫痫的临床资料。另选取同期健康体检者30例作为对照。术前进行PET-CT和VEEG监测定位致痫灶，以术中监测结果为定位致痫灶的金标准。利用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评价PET-CT放射性分布不对称指数（AI）对颞叶癫痫致癫灶的诊断价值。结果 PET-CT、VEEG确定致癫灶的灵敏度分别为88.73%、47.89%，特异度分别为88.89%、66.67%。颞叶癫痫发作间期病灶侧AI显著高于非病灶侧（P<0.05），同时也显著高于健康体检者颞叶内侧AI（P<0.05）及颞叶外侧AI（P<0.05）。ROC曲线分析结果显示，AI=0.153诊断颞叶癫痫致癫灶的曲线下面积为0.730，95%置信区间在0.544~0.916。结论 颞叶癫痫发作间期PET-CT脑显像定位准确率优于VEEG，对手术治疗准确定位有很高的应用价值，且AI为0.153时诊断癫痫灶的效果最好。     

多学科管理下鸟氨酸氨甲酰基转移酶缺乏症妇女连续三次妊娠分娩健康儿一例

本文报告1例鸟氨酸氨甲酰基转移酶缺乏症患者3次妊娠,最终在多学科管理下分娩一健康新生儿的诊疗经过。2013年患者首次妊娠,孕28周出现急性高氨血症收入上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院,诊断为鸟氨酸氨甲酰基转移酶缺乏症。给予低蛋白饮食及降血氨治疗,并在多学科管理下于孕32周剖宫产一男婴,但该男婴生后第3天死亡。基因分析提示患者及其新生儿鸟氨酸氨甲酰基转移酶基因均存在c.583G>A(G195R)突变。2015年患者再次自然妊娠,但产前诊断提示胎儿为男性,且鸟氨酸氨甲酰基转移酶基因存在同一位点纯合突变,于孕21周引产终止妊娠。2017年借助体外受精-胚胎移植及植入前基因诊断技术第3次妊娠,并在多学科管理下最终顺利分娩一名健康男婴。     

小耳畸形分型与父母围孕期危险因素调查研究

目的调查围孕期危险因素对小耳畸形不同分型间的影响。方法选取2013年1月至2015年1月就诊于整形外科医院的600例患者为研究对象,向患者父母进行问卷调查,收集人口学及围孕期危险因素暴露情况。根据小耳畸形分型及严重程度分组,采用卡方、秩和检验行单因素分析,非条件Logistic回归行多因素分析。结果共收集572份问卷。单因素分析表明,性别、妊娠年龄、孕期腹部受外力冲击及孕期接受保胎治疗在不同分型小耳畸形间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素分析提示,孕期腹部受外力冲击可能是严重小耳畸形的独立危险因素(OR=2.157,95%CI:1.267~3.674),出生体质量在3~5 kg可能是保护因素(OR=0.112,95%CI:0.015~0.841;OR=0.110,95%CI:0.013~0.921)。结论围孕期多种危险因素暴露对小耳畸形发病的严重程度值得进一步关注和探讨。